Portraits of Pashtuns made at Jallandhar in 1860. Selections from Toor collection.

Paintings from an album called "The people of Punjab" drawn by Sanee the 'Draftman' (a native Hindoo) from Jullunder, 1860. Toor Collection.
Source: Toor Collection.

Check "In Pursuit of Empire: Treasures from the Toor Collection of Sikh Art" by Davinder Toor.

A Pashtun of Jalandhar (Punjab, India) and a wandering Punjabi Khatri, 1860. Original caption: ‘Old Pathan of Jalundhur & Wandering Kuthree’

A Rohilla Afghan (clad in blue) and a Punjabi Jat at Jalandhar, 1860. Note: Jat peasants of rural Punjab typically wore a loincloth with a sheet on their shoulders. Gujjar herders are depicted similarly. Other groups such as Potoharis, Sikhs, Brahmans, and Syeds are shown well-dressed in this collection.

A Pashtun horseman of Kabul at Jalandhar (Punjab), 1860. ‘Kabul’ here refers to the region, not only the city.

Residents of Chach-Hazara, 1860. The Chach territory (Attock district) has a large Pashtun and Hindko-speaking Pathan population. Pashto is still spoken in parts of Chach.

A Pashtun horseman of Kabul at Jalandhar, 1860. Again, ‘Kabul’ refers to the wider region.

Kabulis in Jalandhar, Punjab, 1860. From the album The People of Punjab. The artist captured fine details—note the prayer mark on the forehead of the elder, and a possible Hazara figure on the left.

‘Kupooree Pathan’ with shield and sword at Jalandhar, 1860. Kapuri is located in Ambala district, Haryana.

Nawabs of Tonk

 

Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan, the ruler of the Princely State of Tonk (located in Rajasthan, India), 1902.

The ruling family of Tonk (Rajasthan, India) were descendants of Salarzai Bunerwals . In the reign of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah (r.1719-1748), one Taleh Khan son of Kale Khan (طالع خان بن کالے خان) left his home in the Jowar village of Buner country (Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)) and took service in Rohilkhand (U.P, India) with Ali Muhammad Khan Rohilla [Ref. Amir-nama, c.1824, Eng. Translation, p-7].

"Taleh Khan's son, Haiyat Khan, became possessed of some landed property in Moradabad, and to him in 1768 was born Amir Khan, the founder of the Tonk State. Beginning life as a petty mercenary leader, he rose in 1798 to be the commander of a large army in the service of Jaswant Rao Holkar, and was employed in the campaigns against Sindhia, the Peshwa, and the British, and in assisting to levy the contributions exacted from Rajputana and Malwa. It was one of the terms of the union between Amir Khan and Holkar that they should share equally in all future plunder and conquest, and accordingly in 1798 Amir Khan received the district of Sironj. To this Tonk and Pirawa were added in 1806, Nimbahera in 1809, and Chhabra in 1816. On the entrance of the British into Malwa, Amir Khan made overtures to be admitted to protection; but the conditions he proposed were too extravagant to be acceded to. He received, however, the offer of a guarantee of all the lands he held under grants from Holkar, on condition of his abandoning the predatory system, disbanding his army of fifty-two battalions of disciplined infantry and a numerous body of Pathan cavalry, and surrendering his artillery, with the exception of forty guns, to the British at a valuation. His request to be confirmed in lands obtained from different Rajput States under every circumstance of violence and extortion was positively rejected. To these terms Amir Khan agreed, and they were embodied in a treaty in November, 181 7. To the territories thus guaranteed (the five districts above mentioned) the fort and pargana of Rampura, now called Aligarh, were added by the British Government as a free grant, and a loan of 3 lakhs, afterwards converted into a gift, was made to him. Nawab Amir Khan died in 1834. [Imperial gazetteer of India, Vol.23, pp.48-49]

Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan (1848, r. 1867-1930). Source

Pathans of Awadh (U.P, India), 1861 (c)

 

Pathans of Awadh (U.P, India), 1861 (c).

 "The word Pathan, which signifies Afghan, is chiefly used, says Wilson, in Hindoostan to designate adventurers of the Afghan races or their descendants, who have colonized and settled in India, especially in Rohilcund. A full account of them will be found under the head of Bareilly, the capital of that province. It will suffice here to say that they ruled at Delhi before the Moguls, and that they still bear the traces of the qualities which formerly ensured them sovereignty, being proud, warlike, and energetic. They are found throughout Northern India, and many of them are in the service of native princes. His highness the Nizam, in particular, employs considerable numbers of them in the civil and military departments of his administration. A large colony of Pathans existed at Kurnool, in the Madras Presidency, which was an independent principality up to the year 1838, when the reigning Nawab was convicted of treasonable intrigues and imprisoned. His territory was afterwards annexed to the Presidency of Madras, and his numerous retainers were embodied in a corps of local irregular cavalry, called the Kurnool Horse, which still exists." [ "The people of India" by Watson and Kaye, volume 2, published in 1868].

Recommended Books

Pashto was spoken in Rampur of Uttar Pradesh as late as 1815

Pashto was spoken in Rampur region of Uttar Pradesh as late as 1815 AD. This was reported by Mountsuart Elphinstone in his book "the account of kingdom of Cabul" which was published in 1815. Elphinstone had visited Afghanistan in 1808 as ambassdor of British East India Company and met Shah Shuja Durrani in Peshawar. He collected information about Afghans and Afghanistan in the years between 1808 and 1815. He also had knowledge about Rohillas and Rohilkhand since he had spent some time in the Nageena town of Rohilkhand. In his book he writes:

" "The residence of the Nabob (Nawab) is at Rampur, the manner of which place still resemble those of the Berdooraunees (Bar-Durranis). Pushtoo is the principal language, and one sees in the square before the Nabob's place, fair, strong, and handsome young men, sitting or lounging on beds, with that air of idleness and independence which distinguishes the Eusofzyes (Yousafzais)." ["An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul", p-351]

The Nawab of Rampur at that time was Ahmad Ali Khan. The term 'Bar-Durrani' (Bar means upper in Pashto) in the above passage refers to Yousafzais.  This title bestowed by Ahmad Shah Abdali upon the Yousafzais, Ghoria Khels, Khattaks and some other eastern Pashtun tribes.

Yousafzais had begun to settle in large numbers in Rampur and other regions of Rohilkhand in early decades of 18th century. They preserved the language and culture of Pashtuns to great extent in the first half of 19th century.

Death of the Rohilla Chief (Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech) while fighting soldiers of the British East India Company during the Rohilla War of 1773 to 1774. From "Alden's Oxford Monthly Illustrated Journal", Volumes 2-3, 1871

Mounstuart Elphinstone

Portrait of Ahmad Khan Bangash

 

Portrait of Ahmad Khan Bangash, 18th century painting. It was Acquired by an English collector at Fatehgarh in 1794. The inscription on the verso in ink: “Portrait of Aimut Cawn (sic.) Bangaish, Nabob of Furruckabad, father to the present Nabob Muzzuffer Jung – 1794. Futtygur [Fatehgur] 2nd Novr.” .

Source: 'Indian court painting' by Oliver Forge and Brenden Lynch.

Nawabs of Rampur

Kalb Ali Khan, Nawab of Rampur, 1880 (c). Photo by Bourne & Shepherd. Source

The Nawabs of Rampur were descendants of Ali Muhammad Khan Rohilla (died in 1748). It is generally acknowledged that Ali Muhammad Rohilla was not Pashtun by birth. He was a Hindu Indian boy (Jat, Ahir or Rajput) adopted as son by Daud Khan (a mercenary from Pakhtunkhwa). However all the 18th century sources refer to Ali Muhammad Khan and his sons as "Afghan" (Pashtun) and "Rohilla" (Pashtun) which indicate that Ali Muhammad Khan and his sons identified as Pashtuns , spoke Pashto and had Pashtun manners and customs. Anandram Mukhlis who saw Ali Muhammad Khan Rohilla in 1743, describes him as a man of medium height with a fair complexion, blooming face and open forehead, about forty years old, but looking youthful and dauntlessly brave. 

In 1815 Mountstuart Elphinstone noted that Pashto was still spoken in Rampur. In late 19th and 20th century the Nawabs of Rampur, now fully Indianized, began to claim Syed ancestry. 

The Nawabs of Rampur were known for their fine aesthetic taste and preservation of ancient history. One of the dynasty's greatest accomplishments was the founding of the Rampur Raza Library: retaining one of India's largest collections of Arabic and Persian historical documents.

Hamid Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Rampur, 1903. Source

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A 19th century painting of Pashtuns dated to 1816 (c)

 

A 19th century watercolour painting from Fraser Album, attributed to Ghulam Ali Khan (an Indian painter), made in 1816 (c) shows :

1- Seyed Jellaludeen (Pashtun)

2- Deen Mahomed Affghan (a Pashtun)

3- Goolab Singh

4- Seedee Barral (an African)

Source: "Forgotten Masters: Indian Painting for the East India Company" by William Dalrymple

Source

Nawabs of Maler Kotla

The rulers of Maler Kotla (now in Punjab state of India) were descendants of a Pashtun saint belonging to Sarwani tribe who migrated to and settled in India during the times of Sultan Bahlul Lodi. Shaikh Sadruddin is said to have received a gift of 68 villages near Ludhiana in 1454 AD when he married a daughter of Sultan Bahlul Lodi. In 1458 a Bhatti Rajput chief of Kapurthala gave his daughter in marriage to Shaikh Saddrudin. His descendants from his Rajput wife became the rulers of Maler Kotla while his descendants from his Pashtun wife (a Lodi princess) became caretakers of his tomb, khalifas. Shaikh Sadruddin founded a new town which was named as Maler. The fort and the surrounding houses were completed by the year 1461. Shaikh Saddrudin died in 1508 AD.

Mughal emperor Akbar removed all Pashtun jagirdars from Punjab who were linked to Lodi and Sur dynasties with exception of the descendants of Shaikh Sadruddin who were spared and allowed to retain their lands because of them being descendants of a Sufi saint. However, they were not allowed to fortify their settlements. Bayazid Khan Sarwani (1593-1659) joined the Mughal military and eventually became a high ranking mansabdar. He received the permission from Mughals to fortify the Sarwani settlements. In 1656 AD Bayazid Khan founded Kotla, a walled town with seven gates just south of Maler.

In mid 18th century Jamal Khan, then Nawab of Maler Kotla, became protégé of Ahmad Shah Durrani and supported him in his military campaigns in India. Ahmad Shah Durrani bestowed the title of Rustam-i-Hind on him. He was killed in a battle against Ala Singh (Sikh ruler of Patiala) in 1762. His son and successor Bhikan Khan continued supporting Ahmad Shah Durrani and received the right to mint his own coinage. Bhikan Khan played key role in the battle between Sikhs and Afghans in 1762 which is known as "Vadda Ghallughara" among the former (for details, read this blogpost). He was shot in the back by a Sikh at Kotla in 1763/1764.

Malerkotla was attacked many times by Sikhs in 18th century, but the principality managed to survive. In 1712 AD there were eleven parganahs in the state ruled by the Sarwani Nawabs, all of which, save Maler, succumbed to the rising Sikhs in the process of time. In 1794, the Bedi Kala Dhari, a descendant of Guru Nanak, proclaimed a religious war against Afghans of Malerkotla for slaughtering cows and induced several Sikh chieftains to join him. Ataullah Khan, the Nawab of Malerkotla, managed to repel Bedi with assistance from the Sikh Maharaja of Patiala. After Ranjit Singh conquered Kasur (also ruled by descendants of Pashtuns) in 1808, he crossed Sutlej and attacked Malerkotla. Ataullah Khan saved his state by coming under the protection of British East India Company.

Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan of Malerkotla, 1910. Source

Source

References:

1- "A description of the Principal Kotla Afghans" (published in 1882), by Inayat Ali Khan
2- "The rajas of the Punjab, the history of the principal states in the Punjab", by sir Lepel Henry Griffin
3- Read also: Sarwani tribe

Ahmad Ali Khan, the Nawab of Maler Kotla (a princely state of British-India), 1910. Source

Pashtun traders in Sri Lanka

A 1911 Census report described Afghans (Pashtuns) in Sri Lanka as follows:

"They are well-known figures in the streets of Colombo and Kandy and in estate bazaars. They are tall and well formed. Their strongly marked features and heavy eyebrows usually give their faces a somewhat savage expression. Their complexion is ruddy; the beard is usually worn short, as also is the hair. Their dress is distinctive—a loose tunic, baggy drawers, and thick boots. Their headdress is wound in rolls round the head, generally over a small skull-cap. There are some excellent wrestlers amongst them. They have their own chiefs and settle disputes amongst themselves. They wander all over the East and are even found in Chinese Turkestan and Australia. Their occupation they usually give as cloth sellers or horse traders, but their principal business is usury; they are the petty money lenders of the country. Their calculation of the rate of interest to be paid is simple and effective. Payment has generally to be made one month from the date of the loan; failure to pay on the due date entails double payment, and the principal goes on doubling from month to month. The debtor very often finds difficulty in meeting his creditor on the day of payment. These usurers seldom go to court but exercise a considerable amount of petty tyranny." ("Ceylon at the Census of 1911" By Sir Edward, Superintendent of Census, Ceylon)

A Pashtun trader inscribed as 'Pattaniya'", Sri Lanka, 1830 (c). One of sixty-three drawings from an Album depicting Sinhalese occupations and castes. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Source

An Afghan (Pashtun) in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 1881 (c). Photo by William Skeen.

An illustration of a moneylender playing with a native of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 1899 (c). By German artist Christian Wilhelm Allers.

"The forgotten dead : A Pathan tomb in old Delhi"

 

"The forgotten dead : A Pathan tomb in old Delhi". 

 This image is from the book "India illustrated" : being a collection of pictures of the cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, together with a selection of the most interesting buildings and scenes throughout India," published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd in 1905.

Rohilla of Bareilly, 1861

 

"Pathan, Mahomedan of Afghan descent, Bareilly", 1861. 

Source: "The People of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

The author of the above-mentioned book writes: "The Mahomedans of India are divided into four general classes without distinction by creed; namely, Syud, Sheikh, Moghul, and Pathan. Of these the two first are the most numerous and most ancient, the Syuds claiming to be the descendants of Mahomed, through Fatima his daughter, and the Sheikhs constituting the remainder of those professing Mahomedanism, who formed the great bulk of the people. Pathans as well as Moghuls are Syuds and Sheikhs; but a clannish and exclusive spirit has, in the main, kept them separate. The Moghuls are the descendants of those immigrants into India who followed the Tartar and Toorky invasions and dynasties, and who always constituted large proportions of the Imperial armies; and the Pathans belong to the races of Afghans who, the original Mahomedan invaders of India, founded many dynasties of kings and emperors of Delhi, and gradually formed colonies in many portions of the country. Bareilly is the capital of the province of Rohilkund, and the term is derived from Rohilla, an appellation which attaches itself to all Afghans, most particularly to the inhabitants of the passes into Afghanistan, and their neighbours the tribes inhabiting the country to the north-west of the Punjab, who were doubtless the progenitors of those of Rohilkund. During the continuance of the several Afghan or Pathan dynasties of Delhi, the Rohillias or Pathans attained very considerable local influence, and settled themselves in the fertile provinces below the Himalaya range, and in particular near Bareilly, the provinces around which were eventually called Rohilkund. From this locality the Imperial armies were constantly recruited, while the ranks of the Afghan settlers were as constantly augmented by emigrants from the original tribes. It was a body of this Pathan cavalry which accompanied Allah-ood-deen to the Deccan in 1310, and established the Mahomedan power there; and when the first Bahmuny dynasty of the Deccan was founded by Hassan Gungoo, himself of Afghan descent, his victories over the Imperial troops sent to reduce him, were mainly attributable to the fidelity and bravery of the Afghan or Rohilla cavalry, which then constituted the main body of his army. From that period the Pathans settled in the Deccan, and in the kingdoms which eventually grew out of the Bahmuny dynasty, rose to considerable power. It was, however, in Rohilcund only, that they attained for a short time an independent government. On the breaking up of the Mogul empire of Delhi, consequent upon the incursions of the Mahrattas and its own inherent weakness, the Rohillas of Rohilcund, under their chieftain Hafiz Rehmat-oolla-khan, defied the power of the Nawab Wuzeer, of Oude, and assisted by the Mahrattas, attained a local power which he could not subdue. This led to a British force being employed for the purpose under a treaty between Mr. Warren Hastings and the Nawab of Oude, in 1773; and in 1774, the Rohilla chieftain was defeated and slain in action, and the independent power of the Rohillas or Pathans ceased. 

Since then the Pathan power, in the north-west provinces, has never been revived; and although Ameer Khan, of Tonk, and a few other military chiefs of the old Mogul dynasty, succeeded in retaining their estates amidst the troubled period which attended the final extinction of the empire of Delhi, neither there, nor in the south of India, have the Pathans attained any permanent power, though the native Mahomedan armies, especially the cavalry, have been mainly recruited from these tribes, and to the present time our own irregular cavalry, in all parts of India, is for the most part composed of them. The Pathans are a warlike race, and make brave and hardy soldiers, but they are somewhat impatient of control, and it is difficult to render them fully amenable to discipline. They have rarely entered the infantry portion of the native army, and are best fitted for cavalry soldiers or irregular levies, such as the police. They have not mixed with the ordinary Mahomedan population of India, and have, by marrying exclusively into their own Afghan tribes, preserved a peculiar and eminently national character. Many of them are very fair, and have the grey or blue eye of the parent stock, with brown hair. Their women are described to be very handsome; but they are, if possible, more jealously guarded than any other of the Mahomedans. 

The Pathans, besides being soldiers, are dealers in horses, as well as breeders of them to a great extent. They are also bankers and money-lenders, not objecting, on religious grounds, to taking usurious interest. They are often successful administrators of provinces under native Governments, but in such positions are not unfrequently violent and cruel. Among the tribes are found many dissenters from the orthodox faith: not a few of them are Shiahs, and others believers in the "Ghyr Mehdavee " doctrines, which recognise a further revelation by a prophet who is to appear hereafter. 

Wherever Pathan dynasties have existed in India, their architectural remains are of a magnificent character. At Delhi and Agra, at Beejapoor, at Mandoo and Boorhanpoor, ruins of palaces, mosques, and mausoleums attest the magnificence of their founders; but it is by then noble fortifications, as well in their scientific strength of construction, as in the picturesque character of their architectural embellishments, that they are perhaps most prominently distinguished throughout India."

Ashraf Ali Khan, a Shia Muslim of Pashtun descent, Allahabad, 1861

 

Ashraf Ali Khan, a Shia Muslim of Pashtun descent, Allahabad (U.P, India), 1861.

Source: "The People of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

The family of Ashraf Ali Khan migrated from Afghanistan (Pakhtunkhwa) to India in mid-18th century and settled in Allahabad (then part of Awadh state). The ruler of Awadh in 18th century were Shias so Shia-Pakhtuns from Pakhtunkhwa/Afghanistan preferred to settle in Awadh.

Ashraf Ali Khan is "dressed in a rich blue satin coat, with silver spangles, blue Cashmere shawl, brown turban, and yellow Paejamahs; height five feet nine inches."

Indo-Afghans of Jaora (Princely state in central India)

Nawab of Jawrah and nephews, 1861. 

Jawrah or Jaora was a princely state in the Malwa region of central India (now in Madhya Pradesh). The rulers of Jaora were descendants of Abdul Majid Khan who was a Pashtun from Swat valley. Abdul Majid Khan settled in Rohilkhand during the times of Ahmad Shah Durrani. His two sons Abdul Hamid and Abdul Rashid took service under Ghulam Qadir Rohilla in 1788. Abdul Hamid's youngest son, Abdul Ghafoor, founded the Jaora state. Abdul Ghafoor was initially in the service of Amir Khan Yousafzai of Tonk and later joined Holkar court (Maratha). Nawab Ghous Muhammad Khan (the man sitting in the middle in the above photo) was son of Abdul Ghafoor Khan. 

 The area of Jaora princely state was 1,471 km2.

Nawab Foujdar Muhammad Khan (an Afghan of Bhopal), 1861

Nawab Foujdar Muhammad Khan (an Afghan of Bhopal), 1861.

Source: "People of India" by Watson and Kaye. The British author of the above-mentioned book writes:

 "These Afghans are a fine-looking tall race of men; they have remarkably handsome features, piercing dark eyes, aquiline noses, and a proud independent bearing. They are a very haughty, cruel, and vindictive race, and treacherous. The Bhopal Afghans have not in any degree lost the appearance or the character of their parent race, though the latter may have become somewhat softened by intercourse with Hindoos and English, but they are very bigoted Mussulmans. The Pathans of Bhopal are not distinguished by activity in manly sports or exercises; they are grown indolent and sensual, and their time is passed in eating, smoking, and sleeping. Owing to the dissipated lives they lead they are not very long lived, but moulvees, and others who lead temperate lives, attain a good old age. There are very few others beside the military classes of Mussulmans at Bhopal, and the religious rites and belief of none of them differ from other Mussulmans of India. But they permit a very limited jurisdiction on the part of the state over their families, which are managed, after the Afghan custom, by themselves. As a rule, with the exception of the higher classes, they are generally illiterate."

Death of the Rohilla Chief (Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech) while fighting soldiers of the British East India Company during the Rohilla War of 1773 to 1774

Death of the Rohilla Chief (Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech) while fighting soldiers of the British East India Company during the Rohilla War of 1773 to 1774. 

From "Alden's Oxford Monthly Illustrated Journal", Volumes 2-3, 1871.

Painting of Abdul Karim Khan Miyana (Pashtun) titled Bahlul Khan of Bijapur hunting on horseback

Painting of Abdul Karim Khan Miyana (Pashtun) titled Bahlul Khan, a noble of Bijapur sultanate, hunting on horseback, with elephants and cavalry. Source

Abdul Karim Khan Miyana titled Bahlul Khan became Commander-in-Chief of the army of Bijapur sultanate, and later served as regent for the child king Sikandar Adil Shah (r. 1672-1686.

Portrait of Nawab Ikhlas Khan Miyana (Pashtun)

 

Portrait of Nawab Ikhlas Khan Miyana (Pashtun). Source

Portrait of Nawab Daler Khan Miyana (Pashtun)

Portrait of Nawab Daler Khan Miyana (Pashtun). Source

Portrait of Nawab Abdur Rauf Khan Miyana (Pashtun) titled Daler Khan. Undated. 

He was son and successor of Bahlul Khan Miyana (who served as Commander-in-chief of the army of Bijapur sultanate). After the fall of Bijapur sultanate, Abdur Rauf Khan Miyana entered into the service of Mughals. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb awarded him the highest mansab of 7,000 zat and the title "Daler Khan" in 1686. 

1- The Miyana tribe belongs to the Saraban division of Pashtuns. They are found in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. Luni, Jafar, Zmari and Gharshin tribes are remnants of the Miyana tribe. 

2- Bijapur sultanate was located in south-western India, straddling the Western Ghats range of southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka. It was ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty from 1490 to 1686. After the fall of Bijapur sultanate and decline of Mughal empire, the Miyanas established their own principality at Savanur (now part of Karnataka state of India) which became princely state of British-India in 19th century.

Portrait of Nawab Daler Khan Daudzai (Pashtun)

Portrait of Nawab Daler Khan Daudzai (Pashtun). Source

The Miyana (Afghan) nobles of Bijapur sultanate

The Miyana tribe belongs to the Saraban division of Pashtuns. They are found in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. Most of its branches have become extinct or have lost their identity. Their en-mass migration to India greatly weakened them and they fell easy prey to their Baloch neighbours. Luni, Jafar, Zamari and Gharshin tribes are remnants of the Miyana tribe.  

Some of the Miyanas became nobles of the Adil Shahi Sultans of Bijapur (1518-1686). Jan-Nisar Khan Miyana held the rank of 2,000 horse in the reign of Ismael Adil Shah who ruled from 1510 to 1535 AD. Bahlul Khan Miyana, a descendant of Jan-Nisar Khan Miyana, became Commander-in-Chief of the army of Bijapur sultanate, and later served as regent for the child king Sikandar Adil Shah (r. 1672-1686).

Bahlul Khan Miyana died in the reign of Sikandar Adil Shah. He was succeeded by his son Dalil Khan Miyana who kept on good terms with Sikandar Adil Shah, but when Aurangzeb again entered the Deccan in 1681 AD for its subjugation, Dalil Khan joined him with 2000 Afghan cavalry and 3000 foot, many of them of his own tribe, and all in his own pay.

References: (1) "Notes on Afghanistan and part of Baluchistan" by H.G.Raverty (2) "History of the Pathans" by Haroon Rashid.

Portrait of Bahlul Khan Miyana, made in c.1686 by an anonymous artist. Source

Portrait of Abdul Aziz Khan Miyana, brother of Bahlul Khan Miyana. Source

A portrait of Bahlul Khan Miyana, late 19th century painting. Source