Syed Meer Khan (ancestor of Bollywood actor Naseeruddin Shah), Meerut, 1861

Syed Meer Khan, Meerut, 1861. 

Source: "The People of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

Syed Meer Khan belonged to the Shia Musavi Syed family from Paghman near Kabul who had roots from Mashad in Iran. His uncle Syed Muhammad Shah (titled Jan Fishan Khan) and other relatives colloborated with British during First Anglo-Afghan and they accompanied the defeated British Army to India. 

The British author of the above-mentioned book writes: "Syed Meer Khan, member of a family expatriated from Cabool for their fidelity to us in 1840-42"...[..]..."Syud Meer Khan is thirty-four years of age, and six feet in height, with a dark olive complexion. He bears the appellation of Khan, probably from Afghan descent, or by special creation ; and his services to the Government of India in a military capacity, have gained for him the title of " Sirdar Bahadoor," to which is attached a pension and other privileges. The Syud is a fine specimen of his race : a very powerful man, with a good expression of features."

Rohilla of Bareilly, 1861

 

"Pathan, Mahomedan of Afghan descent, Bareilly", 1861. 

Source: "The People of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

The author of the above-mentioned book writes: "The Mahomedans of India are divided into four general classes without distinction by creed; namely, Syud, Sheikh, Moghul, and Pathan. Of these the two first are the most numerous and most ancient, the Syuds claiming to be the descendants of Mahomed, through Fatima his daughter, and the Sheikhs constituting the remainder of those professing Mahomedanism, who formed the great bulk of the people. Pathans as well as Moghuls are Syuds and Sheikhs; but a clannish and exclusive spirit has, in the main, kept them separate. The Moghuls are the descendants of those immigrants into India who followed the Tartar and Toorky invasions and dynasties, and who always constituted large proportions of the Imperial armies; and the Pathans belong to the races of Afghans who, the original Mahomedan invaders of India, founded many dynasties of kings and emperors of Delhi, and gradually formed colonies in many portions of the country. Bareilly is the capital of the province of Rohilkund, and the term is derived from Rohilla, an appellation which attaches itself to all Afghans, most particularly to the inhabitants of the passes into Afghanistan, and their neighbours the tribes inhabiting the country to the north-west of the Punjab, who were doubtless the progenitors of those of Rohilkund. During the continuance of the several Afghan or Pathan dynasties of Delhi, the Rohillias or Pathans attained very considerable local influence, and settled themselves in the fertile provinces below the Himalaya range, and in particular near Bareilly, the provinces around which were eventually called Rohilkund. From this locality the Imperial armies were constantly recruited, while the ranks of the Afghan settlers were as constantly augmented by emigrants from the original tribes. It was a body of this Pathan cavalry which accompanied Allah-ood-deen to the Deccan in 1310, and established the Mahomedan power there; and when the first Bahmuny dynasty of the Deccan was founded by Hassan Gungoo, himself of Afghan descent, his victories over the Imperial troops sent to reduce him, were mainly attributable to the fidelity and bravery of the Afghan or Rohilla cavalry, which then constituted the main body of his army. From that period the Pathans settled in the Deccan, and in the kingdoms which eventually grew out of the Bahmuny dynasty, rose to considerable power. It was, however, in Rohilcund only, that they attained for a short time an independent government. On the breaking up of the Mogul empire of Delhi, consequent upon the incursions of the Mahrattas and its own inherent weakness, the Rohillas of Rohilcund, under their chieftain Hafiz Rehmat-oolla-khan, defied the power of the Nawab Wuzeer, of Oude, and assisted by the Mahrattas, attained a local power which he could not subdue. This led to a British force being employed for the purpose under a treaty between Mr. Warren Hastings and the Nawab of Oude, in 1773; and in 1774, the Rohilla chieftain was defeated and slain in action, and the independent power of the Rohillas or Pathans ceased. 

Since then the Pathan power, in the north-west provinces, has never been revived; and although Ameer Khan, of Tonk, and a few other military chiefs of the old Mogul dynasty, succeeded in retaining their estates amidst the troubled period which attended the final extinction of the empire of Delhi, neither there, nor in the south of India, have the Pathans attained any permanent power, though the native Mahomedan armies, especially the cavalry, have been mainly recruited from these tribes, and to the present time our own irregular cavalry, in all parts of India, is for the most part composed of them. The Pathans are a warlike race, and make brave and hardy soldiers, but they are somewhat impatient of control, and it is difficult to render them fully amenable to discipline. They have rarely entered the infantry portion of the native army, and are best fitted for cavalry soldiers or irregular levies, such as the police. They have not mixed with the ordinary Mahomedan population of India, and have, by marrying exclusively into their own Afghan tribes, preserved a peculiar and eminently national character. Many of them are very fair, and have the grey or blue eye of the parent stock, with brown hair. Their women are described to be very handsome; but they are, if possible, more jealously guarded than any other of the Mahomedans. 

The Pathans, besides being soldiers, are dealers in horses, as well as breeders of them to a great extent. They are also bankers and money-lenders, not objecting, on religious grounds, to taking usurious interest. They are often successful administrators of provinces under native Governments, but in such positions are not unfrequently violent and cruel. Among the tribes are found many dissenters from the orthodox faith: not a few of them are Shiahs, and others believers in the "Ghyr Mehdavee " doctrines, which recognise a further revelation by a prophet who is to appear hereafter. 

Wherever Pathan dynasties have existed in India, their architectural remains are of a magnificent character. At Delhi and Agra, at Beejapoor, at Mandoo and Boorhanpoor, ruins of palaces, mosques, and mausoleums attest the magnificence of their founders; but it is by then noble fortifications, as well in their scientific strength of construction, as in the picturesque character of their architectural embellishments, that they are perhaps most prominently distinguished throughout India."

Ashraf Ali Khan, a Shia Muslim of Pashtun descent, Allahabad, 1861

 

Ashraf Ali Khan, a Shia Muslim of Pashtun descent, Allahabad (U.P, India), 1861.

Source: "The People of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

The family of Ashraf Ali Khan migrated from Afghanistan (Pakhtunkhwa) to India in mid-18th century and settled in Allahabad (then part of Awadh state). The ruler of Awadh in 18th century were Shias so Shia-Pakhtuns from Pakhtunkhwa/Afghanistan preferred to settle in Awadh.

Ashraf Ali Khan is "dressed in a rich blue satin coat, with silver spangles, blue Cashmere shawl, brown turban, and yellow Paejamahs; height five feet nine inches."

A Tanoli Afghan, 1861

A Tanoli Afghan, Hazara, 1861. 

Source: "The people of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

The British author of the above-mentioned book writes: "Of the above Hazara tribe, the Tanaolees or Turnowlees are the most powerful, and, with their chief, they possess a principality with an area of 250 square miles. Its chief retains the right of internal jurisdiction, and the original grant, by Maharajah Golab Singh, of Cashmere, has been confirmed by the British Government. He is bound by his tenure to furnish a quota of militia for local service, when called upon; and the tribe of Hazara can supply at least 30,000 good soldiers, if they are required. The present Tanaolee chief personally, is loyal and faithful, and is powerful enough to rule his tribe and prevent misconduct. But the Tanaolees have been occasionally restless, and the intrigues of fanatical priests have not progressed without bad effects on portions of them. On the tribe of the Hazara, the Sikh government, while it existed, was never able to make impression, any more than its predecessor, the government of the Moghul emperors; and it has remained to that of the British to introduce order, where before, and for centuries past, utter lawlessness has prevailed. 

According to the official description, the Tanaolees, or Turnowlees, pretend to trace the origin of their tribe to the Caliph Abbas, the paternal uncle of Mahomed, whose son, they say, was driven from Medina, and went to seek his fortune in foreign lands; and his descendants found their way through Baghdad and Egypt to Meshed, and thence, by toilsome steps and through many hardships, to Swat, in the mountains of the extreme north-west corner of the Punjab. Finally, about eleven generations ago, Baba Beer Deo, their acknowledged ancestor, emerges from the mists of a fabulous genealogy in a glen, to which the name of Tanawal Durra is ascribed, somewhere, it is said, beyond the Khyber. His name would seem to indicate a Hindoo or Boodhist extraction, "and to clear their pedigree of so unpleasant a suspicion, the Tanaolees, by an easy substitution of 'M' for 'B,' and of 'Khan' for 'Deo,' and by the omission of Baba altogether, give him the alias of Meer Khan, and introduce him into the Pathan family.

The first political transaction with the Tanaolee chief occurred in 1851, when Mr. Carne and Mr. Tapp, of the Customs Department, were attacked and murdered within the Tanaolee boundary, by a party of Hussunzyes, the adjoining tribe. The Tanaolee chief was called upon to act, and he delivered up a number of Hussunzyes as hostages, and being attacked by that tribe, suffered severely. The Tanaolee chief now demanded British aid, and a force, under Colonel Mackeson, invaded the Hussunzye country in 1853, and burnt many of their villages. This punishment had a very salutary effect, and while the prompt assistance to him secured the loyalty of the Tanaolee chief, the Hussunzyes have been materially restrained. 

It is more probable, perhaps, that the Tanaolees as Bactrians, or Boodhists, became early converts to Mahomedanism among the other Afghan tribes who threw off idolatry and embraced that faith, possibly about a thousand years ago. From Tanawal Durra, their chief, with his family and their followers, emigrated to the right bank of the Indus, below the great Mahabun mountain, and made their first settlement at Ushra, a village nearly opposite to Kirplia. Thence, as their numbers increased, they crossed to Delira, below Kirplia, and gradually extended their possessions on both sides of the river. The tribe subsequently divided into two portions, or clans, Hindwal and Palal, each, in former days, owing allegiance to a chief, who ruled them as a feudal lord, and to whom they paid revenue for their lands, and rendered military service; but among the Palais disorders and feuds divided the clan, and contests for the chieftainship have left two claimants to the now almost empty honour. 

The Tanaolees now inhabit the mountainous tract lying along the left bank of the Indus, from the black mountain of the Hussunzye Pathans, to Torbeyla, and also hold a tract of country, to which Umb, the seat of the Hindwal chief, gives its name, out of British territory. It is situated on the right bank of the Indus, enclosed on three sides by the Ootmanzye, Amazye, and Muddakhel branches of the Yoosufzye tribe, and bounded on the fourth side by the river. The Tanaolees support themselves almost exclusively by agriculture, and their principal food is unleavened bread with buttermilk and butter; but fowls, eggs, fish, and game are also articles of diet. Of those who live in the hills, many are as fair as Italians, with eyes of light hazel or greyish blue, and frequently brown hair and reddish beards. Those who live on the low-lying lands near the Indus are darker. All are stout and active men, and have the reputation of being good soldiers and staunch partizans. They are hardy and simple in their habits, generally free from the vices of thieving and debauchery; but credulous, obstinate, and unforgiving." ["The people of India", volume 5]

Read also: History of the Tanoli tribe of Hazara

Shahzada Jumbhur; a descendant of Ahmad Shah Durrani, 1861

Shahzada Jumboor Saddozai (a descendant of Ahmad Shah Durrani), Kohat, 1861. 

 Source: "People of India" by Watson and Kaye.

Sipah Afridis, 1861

 

A Pavandah (itinerant Pashtun merchant) in the Gandapur territory, 1861

 

A Pavandah (itinerant Pashtun merchant) in the Gandapur territory, 1861. 

Source: "People of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

 "These wandering merchants carry on all the trade between Central Asia and India".[...]. Every year they descend from the passes into Afghanistan, with long droves of camels laden with wool and other produce, and take back salt, spices, sugar, Indian condiments, with British and Indian manufactures. Their routes are, however, of continued peril until the passes are traversed, and the long lines of camels stretch out across the plains of the Derajat and the Indus. The Povindahs, however, pay black mail or transit dues to the Wuzeerees, and other frontier tribes; and as long as conditions of agreement are observed, the merchants are safe. But these conditions are extremely uncertain: the tribes are but too often capricious. One portion of a tribe may have a feud with another, or avarice may prevail over solemn agreements. In such cases the Povindahs have nothing left but force, and they must fight their way through an opposing tribe, or section of a tribe, or submit to any exaction demanded. The person represented is fully anned -with matchlock, sword, and shield. The Povindahs have, for the most part, no settled habitation. Their cities are their camps: tents of black felt in the winter or cool season in India; in summer, in Afghanistan...[...]They have not the fire and dash of the Afghan soldiery, but are brave in defence of their own property, and capable of vast endurance in their long and rough marches. Povindahs seldom cross the Indus. Kohat, Dehras Ismael and Ghazee Khan, Gundapoor, and other great marts along the Indus, are where they take up their quarters, dispose of their goods, and are met by merchants from India. Their wealth lies chiefly in camels, of which they possess large and valuable herds. " ["People of India" by Watson and Kaye, volume-5.]

Jadoon Afghans of Hazara, 1861

 

Jadoon Afghans of Hazara, 1861. Source: "People of India" by Watson and Kaye. 

 "The Jadoons are not British subjects, though they inhabit a portion of the district called Hazara. They inhabit a portion of the frontier below, that is south of the Hussunzye tribe, lying on the right bank of the Indus, and opposite to the British town of Torbeyla. Westward their territory extends till it meets the higher ranges of the Hindoo Koosh. The Mahabun mountain, with its dense forest, lies within their boundary, and the whole tract is wild and rugged in an almost inconceivable degree. The Jadoons are, however, peaceable people as far as the British and their subjects are concerned; they have never molested those tribes protected by us, and have made no raids upon lands within our frontier. Hence the Jadoons bear a better official character than their neighbours. 

 Though the Jadoons accompanied the Yoosufzyes when they descended from Kabool in the fifteenth century, and conquered and occupied the valley of Peshawur, they claim to have an independent origin, and are separate from the Yoosufzyes. The Jadoons were, at first, small in number, and, as they increased, they spread into the neighbouring district of Hazara, and now form one of the strongest tribes of that province, occupying the central portion; their villages lying from 1,500 to 6,000 feet above the plains of the Indus. The Jadoons subsist by agriculture and grazing flocks of sheep. They are described to be "hospitable, industrious, bold, and simple in their manners, and make good soldiers; they are, perhaps, less haughty than other Pathans, but they are untruthful, revengeful, and rapacious, and their turbulent spirit, repressed by a strong government, finds vent in petty contention and chicane among themselves." 

 The Jadoons are a fair complexioned tribe, many of them having brown hair and beards, and ruddy colour, with grey or hazel eyes, and they are, for the most part, fair, with strong, athletic forms, extremely active, and capable of enduring great exertion and fatigue. They are Mahomedans of the Soonnee sect, and follow the ordinary precepts and customs of the Mahomedan faith ; but are bigoted and ignorant to a degree. Their costume is not remarkable for any peculiarity, and consists usually of a white turban, vest, and trousers, with a blue loongee, or scarf, with borders and ends of crimson silk and gold thread. The figures in the Photograph are not armed, but all carry arms, and the sword, with a broad shield, is, perhaps, the favourite weapon, though a proportion of the tribe are armed with the long matchlock of the mountain frontier." ["People of India" by Watson and Kaye, vol-5] 

Read also: Jadoon or Gadoon tribe

Mohmand chiefs of Peshawar, 1861

Mohmand chiefs of Peshawar, 1861. Source: "The People of India" by Watson and Kaye.

The man on the right is Arbab Fateh Muhammad Khan (Mohib Khel Mohmand).

"The Momunds are Soonnee Mussulmans, agriculturists, graziers, and traders. They are, for the most part, fine, powerful men, with the strong Jewish physiognomy of real Afghans, from whom they are descended. Many of them served in the cavalry of the Mahomedan Emperors of Delhi, and their descendants are not unfrequently met with among the Pathans of the North-West Provinces, and of India generally. In complexion, the Momunds are frequently fair, and all are handsome; their costume does not differ from that of other Afghans of the mountain tribes, and there are no special peculiarities of their clans which require particular remark. They make excellent soldiers, and are esteemed as brave and expert swordsmen. The Photograph represents two chiefs of this powerful clan." ["The People of India" — Volume 5]

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Biography of Rahman Baba (Abdur Rahman Mohmand)

Nur Gul of Panjpao, a Halimzai Mohmand

Sherani Pashtuns, 1861

 

Sherani Pashtuns, 1861

Source: "People of India" by Watson and Kaye, volume-5.

Pashtun fruit seller in Sindh, 1861

 

Pashtun fruit seller in Sindh, 1861. 

Source: "People of India", Vol.6, published in 1872. 

The British author of the above-mentioned book writes: "The photograph represents an Afghan fruit dealer, who has accompanied a caravan to Sind. His costume and appearance are unmistakable. He has melons, pears, apples, and grapes for sale, and the fruit is carefully packed with cotton in round boxes. Afghanistan fruit is sent to native courts in India, where, especially the grapes, it is highly prized; but none of it has the juiciness or flavour of English fruits of the same description. In the hot, dry climate of Sind, however, it is peculiarly welcome and refreshing, and much is consumed by the higher classes."

A Kakar Pashtun in his winter attire, 1861

A Kakar Pashtun in Winter Costume (1861)

A Kakar Pashtun in his winter costume, 1861. From "The People of India" by Watson and Kaye.

"This picturesque figure represents a member of the Kakur tribe or clan of Afghans, who in Sind are considered the most aristocratic of their people. Some of them are settled in Sind, and one of them, Ata Mahomed Khan, an enterprising merchant, is established at Shikarpoor, and is well known to the British residents there. The person represented is in full Afghan winter costume, and wears a posteen, or cloth cloak, lined with sheeps wool, forming a most comfortable wrapper."

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A Kakar Pashtun, 1840 (c)

Early career of Haji Khan Kakar

Photo of a Pashtun belonging to the Utmanzai sub-tribe of Yousafzai, 1861

 

Photo of a Pashtun belonging to the Utmanzai sub-tribe of Yousafzai, 1861. From "The People of India" by John Watson and John Kaye.

"The subject of the Photograph is nearly as fair as an Englishman, with dark eyes, and is five feet nine inches in height. His dress consists of a green cotton turban, with border and ends of crimson silk and gold; a dark blue loongee or waist cloth, sometimes worn over the shoulders as a scarf, and sometimes as a girdle, with a border of crimson silk, and ends of crimson silk and gold. This, with loose trousers of cotton cloth, completes the costume. In cold weather a sheep-skin choga or pelisse, or a tunic of quilted cotton, is worn over all. The "Rohilla" costume in the Deccan is a blue cotton shirt, white or blue drawers, and white, red, or blue turban, with a blue quilted jacket for cold weather." 

 "..They make excellent soldiers, and their valour and endurance are beyond question. Many of them, from time to time, have entered the service of native princes, under the designation of Rohillas; and at one period they were numerous, with members of other Afghan frontier tribes, in the service of His Highness the Nizam. In the Deccan, however, they were found turbulent and lawless, and their numbers have been gradually reduced. They are in general bad shots, though they carry guns; and their favourite weapons are a broad, heavy sabre, and knife or dagger, with which, protected by a large black shield, they are undoubtedly formidable antagonists. Many of the Ootmanzyes, and Yoosufzyes in general, are as fair and ruddy as Europeans, with light brown hair and beards, and blue, grey, or hazel eyes; and they are a strikingly handsome, athletic race, capable of immense endurance of fatigue. Their women are said to be very beautiful in youth, though often coarse and masculine as they grow old, and in comparison with others."

Malik Ensal, a Wazir Pashtun, 1861

 

Caption: "Mullik Ensal. The Yaga Kheyl, to which the subject of the photograph belongs, is a clan of the Wuzeerees, a frontier tribe of the Derajat, a province lying south of Kohat. They are for the most part a pastoral people. In the hot summer months they retire with their cattle to the mountains, inhabiting tracts varying from 4,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea. In the winter they descend into the Derajat, and the plains become dotted with their herds and flocks, and with their black blanket tеnts pitched in groups like villages, and moved from place to place according to their necessities for forage and water."

Baitani tribe

Shaikh Baitan Bab, son of Qais, had three sons, namely, Ismail, Warsapoon, and Kajeen and a daughter named Bibi Mato. Saraban, the elder brother of Baitan, adopted Ismail. The progeny of Warsapoon and Kajeen collectively comprise the Baitani tribe and that of their sister Bibi Mato, the Mati tribes. Initially Baitanis were settled on the western side of the Suleiman mountains. During the reign of Sikandar Lodi the tribe , en-mass, moved through Gomal pass to their present location, east of the Suleiman mountains.

Baitani tribesmen , 1861. From Watson and Kaye collection.

Baitani Khassadars, 1937. 'Our friends the enemy Bhittanni khassadars'. The caption suggests that the British deployed to the Baitani region did not trust these auxiliaries. Source

Afridi of the Kohat Pass, 1861

Afridi of the Kohat Pass, 1861. From "The people of India" by Watson and Kaye.

"The subject of the plate is fully armed. His gun has a rude flint lock instead of a match, and he wears a short sabre with knives or daggers in his girdle. He has a turban scarf of coarse blue muslin, and wears a white tunic and loose drawers."

Recommended Books

History of the Storyani or Ustrana tribe

Ustrani tribesmen, 1861. From Watson and Kaye's collection

    

Snippets of the description given along with the photograph;

"The Oosteranees are Soonnee Mahomedans, and display no peculiarities to distinguish them from other frontier Mahomedan tribes and clans. They have, however, a high local reputation for valour, and, armed with sword and shield, are considered a match for double the number of any other frontier tribe. Although the sword and shield alone are preferred by them, a proportion of their number are armed with very long matchlocks, which carry a great distance, and are formidable weapons. Well skilled in the use of arms, and with their desperate bravery, the Oosteranees could furnish a powerful contingent in case of any frontier war. " …

"Their costume, well displayed in the Photograph, is a turban, tunic, and loose trousers of strong white cotton cloth; round then waists a scarf, usually blue or red, with ends of crimson silk, is used to bind on their powder horns and bullet bags, as well as to confine the leather sword belt, and holds a knife or dagger. The clan is composed, for the most part, of strong, tall, athletic men, not so fair in colour as many others of the mountaineers, but a ruddy brown. " 

…."The territory of the Oosteranees lies south of that of the Sheoranees, on the border between the Dehra Ismael Khan and Dehra Ghazee Khan districts. They are not a numerous tribe, and cannot muster more than a thousand fighting men. Some portions of the tribe reside in the hills, other on the plains; the latter being British subjects. "["The People of India" by John Forbes Watson and John William Kaye]

1890's description of Ustaranis:

"They are descendants of Hammar, one of the sons of Ushtaryani , a Sayyid, who settled among and married into the Shirani section of Afghans. They were settled with the Shiranis to the south of the Takht-i-Sulaiman and till about a century ago were wholly pastoral and engaged in the carrying trade. But a quarrel with their neighbours, the Musa Khel, put a stop to their annual westward migration, and they were forced to take to agriculture. They still own a large tract of country, in which indeed most of them live, cultivating land immediately under the hills and pasturing their flocks beyond the border. Their territory only includes the eastern slopes of the Sulaimans, the crest of the range being held by the Musa Khel and Zmari. They are divided into two main clans, the Ahmadzai and Gagalzai, and these again into numerous septs. They are a fine, manly race, many of them in our army and police, and they are quiet and well behaved, cultivating largely with their own hands. A few of them are still carriers. They are much harassed by the independent Bozdar Balochs. They are all Sunnis." ["The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh", Vol.4, pp.166-167]

"The nomadic Ushturyani live entirely in the black-hair tents called kizhdi, which they pitch in small clusters —from two or three to a score or more—in the form of a camp, called kirl ; but the settled sections of the tribe live in small movable huts of mud-plastered wicker work made from the tamarisk, which they build in the form of a village called jhok , and kiri indifferently, both being terms of Indian origin, signifying "circle," or "cluster." The Ushturyani are reckoned at live thousand families, and about half the number is settled as agriculturists and cattle dealers; they are a free, brave, and manly people, rough in manners, and of predatory inclinations." [An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By Henry Walter Bellew, 1891, page-127]

Ustarani tribesman, 1930s. Source

Gandapur tribe

Gandapur tribe is extracted from the Ustarani tribe of Pashtuns. Ustaranis allege themselves to be descended from the famous saint Sayyid Muhammad Gaisu Daraz by one of his Sherani Pashtun wives. Ushtarani had five sons, of whom the descendants of four (Tarri or Gandapur, Sheikhi, Mareri and Umra) are collectively known as Gandapur, while those of the fifth, Hamar, are alone known as Ushtarani. Grandchildren of Gaisu Daraz were raised by their maternal grandfathers. It is, however, very doubtful that Gesu-daraz had any relationship to any Pashtun tribe, including the Gandapur.

Gandapurs were originally a pawandah and pastoral tribe. When they settled down in Daman, they began to give up their periodical migrations westward, and their commerce with the countries in that directions but even in late 19th century, a few persons of each clan of Gandapurs followed commercial pursuits, and joined the pawandahs in their migrations, and resorted to Kabul, Kandahar and other cities.

Related posts:

• History of the Storyani or Ustrana tribe
• Sherani tribe

 

Recommended external link: GANDĀPŪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica 

Mir Alam Khan, a Gandapur chieftain, 1861. From Watson and Kaye collection.

Nowrung Khan Gandapur, 1861. From Watson and Kaye collection.

Muhammad Gul Khan Gandapur, 1861. From Watson and Kaye collection.

Mehsud tribesmen (1861)

Mahsud tribesmen, 1868. From Watson and Kaye collection.

Pashtun horse dealers

Afghan horse dealers, Sindh, 1861. From Watson and Kaye collection.

             

A pair of Afghan horse, 1880 (c). Photo by Sir Benjamin Simpson 

Barikh Khan , an Afghan horse dealer in Lahore. 1886's painting by Rudolf Swoboda.

Moolah Seyed Oollah, a Dooraunee Patan, a horse merchant of Caubul, circa 1816-20, an illustration from the Fraser Album, Company School, Delhi or Haryana

Meerza Bahram, an Afghan born at Caubul, a horse merchant, circa 1816-20, an illustration from the Fraser Album, Company School, Delhi or Haryana.

Nine Afghan Horse Merchants, Delhi, 1820. From William Fraser Album .

Eight Afghan Horse Merchants Delhi, 1816-20 , From the Fraser Album.

                      Afghan horse dealer from the kingdom of Kabul, 1836-42. Painting by Emily Eden.