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| Pashtun fighters fire their jezails at British invaders from behind a 'sangar' (a temporary defensive wall of stones), 1879. Illustration by William Simpson |
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| Jahandad, a Lohani Pashtun from Ghazni, Afghanistan, 1879. From ''The Illustrated London News'', April 19, 1879. |
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Akora Khattak village, 1853 (c).
From a water-colour drawing by Lieut.W.Fane.
It is most likely Akhorwal (اخوروال) of Dara Adam Khel.jpg "Amir Dost Muhammad Khan, painting by Walter Fane, 1857")
Major-General Walter Fane, the painter, came into direct contact with the Amir Dost Muhammad Khan in 1857 when the British forged a partnership and declared war against Persia. He was given the opportunity to paint Dost Muhammad Khan from life.
An Afghan rifle-pit, Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1880.
From "The Penny Illustrated Paper" , March 20, 1880.
Recommended Books
Usman Ghani, a Pashtun horse trader, early 19th century painting (circa 1816 AD). Source
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| Eight Pashtun horse traders, Delhi, 1816 (c). From Fraser Album. |
"Chief among the fanatical mullahs, or priests, who have been stirring up the tribesmen on the North West Frontier of India is the Mad Mullah of the Swat valley. His standard bears the same insignia as did of Umra Khan in the Chitral campaign, namely a blood-red hand upon a green field."
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The above picture shows an Afridi jirgah, or peace assembly, meeting a British political officer to whom a native Political is presenting the two headmen of the clan and their peace offering of a couple of goats. The tribal banner of Afridis is embroidered with a red hand.
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| A desi sepoy of British-Indian army bringing in a captured Mohmand Pashtun freedom fighter, 1897. From London Illustrated News. Source |
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Majority of the Tanolis (or Tanaolis) insist on being of Pashtun origin but their rulers have accounted themselves to be of Barlas Mughal origin. Tanoli or Tanawali is actually an adjective denoting their abode Tanawal. They are divided into two divisions, Pul-Al and Hando-Al; the former occupies Lower Tunawal, and the latter Upper Tunawal. In 1907 they numbered 58,700 [1]. Although not usually acknowledged as Pashtuns, the Tanolis had by long association become assimilated with the Pashtuns in manners, customs and character. The tribal and cultural practices of the Tanolis closely resembled those of Pashtuns and all of them appeared to have spoken Pashto in the 18th century. Tanolis in Agror valley still speak Pashto language as their first language if not exclusively [2]. Captain E.G. Wase in 1868 reported that “majority of Tanolis have forgotten the Pashto tongue” but “those of the Tanoli villages on the bank of Indus, all speak Pashtu”. [3]
H. G. Raverty, on the authority of Akhund Darweza, says that Tanawal or Tunawal was overrun by Khashi tribes of Pashtuns under the leadership of Ali Asghar in the latter part of Akbar’s reign, and its former inhabitants were expelled from some parts of Tunawal. [6]
An Indian surveyor Syed Ghulam Muhammad visited Tanawal in 1780 and reported that Pashto language was spoken by its inhabitants and their chief Gul Sher Khan paid allegiance to Timur Shah Durrani. He writes:
“Tunawal is the name of a small territory lying on the east bank of the Aba-Sin... Latterly, according to some accounts, they have laid claim to be descended from the tribe of Birlas – Amir Timur’s own tribe.”
“Half a kuroh further you reach Derah-i-Gul Sher Khan... He pays allegiance to the Badshah of Kabul.”
“The Tunawal’s number about 20,000 families... Their chief places and seat of authority are Bir, Puhar, and Dera'h.” [4]
George Forester... mentions Gul Sher Khan (the chief of Tanolis) as “Mahometan of the Afghan tribe”. [5]
In 1752 AD, Zabardast Khan Tanoli joined Ahmad Shah Durrani in his conquest of India... [7]
Tribally allied with the Pashtuns they participated in the wars against the Sikhs and the British... [8]
.webp "Nawab of Amb and followers, Kaim Gulli, 1888")
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| The Khan of Lalpura and followers, with political officer, 1878. Photograph by John Burke. Source |
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The above photo taken in 1878 by John Burke, shows the Khan of Lalpura (Nangarhar province, Afghanistan) and his attendants. His name was Nauroz Khan and he belonged to the Tarakzai branch of Mohmands. The British officer amidst them is Robert Warburton (an Anglo-Afghan).
Like Khushal Khan Khattak's family, the ancestors of Nauroz Khan were appointed "Khans" and granted jagir by Mughals, and had the permission to levy tolls on tracks and rivers passing through their territory. They commanded the fort at Dakka (on western end of Khyber Pass) and were entrusted with protecting the 'Shah-rah' (King's highway) from robbers and raiders. For detailed history of the Khans of Lalpura, read Haroon Rashid's "History of the Pathans" (Vol-3, p-484).
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| Kabul River opposite Lalpura village (Nangarhar province) 1878-9. Photo by John Burke. Source |
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| Four sons of Khan of Lalpura with Attendants, c 1878. Photo by John Burke |
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| Four sons of Nowruz Khan, ruler of Lalpura, Afghanistan, 1878. Photo by John Burke. Source |
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| Khan of Lalpura is described as belonging to the 'Upper Momunds' (Bar Mohmands). From London Illustrated News, 1879. |
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| 'The meeting between Cavagnari and the Khan of Lalpura at Dakka in February 1879'. Pencil drawing by Frederick Villiers. Source |
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| Hassan, a Tajik, attendant of Khan of Lalpura, 1878. Water colour painting by William Simpson. Source |
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| Muhammad Sadik Khan, a Mohmand of Lalpura. From The Illustrated London News, June 21, 1879 |
