A portrait of a Monkey in the possession of Daud Khan Panni (a Pashtun), c. 1705–1710

A portrait of a Monkey in the possession of Daud Khan Panni (a Pashtun), c. 1705–1710. The inscription on the back of this work, written in Devanagari, states that the monkey is named Husaini and “comes from” Nawab Davad (or Daud) Khan.

Daud Khan Panni (originally from Sibi) was a noble of Mughal empire. He had craze for collecting different kind of animals. 

The painting has been dated to 1705/10 and is attributed to the anonymous artist now called the Stipple Master.  https://www.artic.edu/artworks/210511/a-monumental-portrait-of-a-monkey

A Turkoman who killed more than one thousand Pashtuns by boiling them alive in large cauldrons

In 1610s, the Mughal governor of Siwi fort (i.e. Sibi fort in modern Baluchistan, Pakistan) killed more than one thousand Pashtuns by boiling them alive in large cauldrons to create awe and terror in the hearts of the unruly population.

The name of that Mughal officer was Quje Ali and and he was a Turkoman by race. He kept two big cauldrons of boiling water perpetually ready and would throw those people into it who he would deem as malefactors. 

However, he could not subdue the Panni tribe of Pashtuns through terror. He was perpetually engaged in wars with Panni Pashtuns until he was recalled to India. His successor, Shaikh Bol, was killed by Panni Pashtuns in 1617. 

References: 
 
1-'Zakhiratul Khawanin' by Shaikh Farid Bukhari 
2- Tarikh i Mazhar Shahjahani

Saint Eulampia and her brother are boiled alive in oil and the torture of Saint Rufina of Rome. Origin: Amsterdam. Date: 1700. Creator: Jan Luyken

 Ruins of Siwi or Sibi fort (erroneously referred to as Mir Chakar fort) :

Sibi district

Tomb of Panju Khan Khajjak

Tomb of Panju Khan Khajjak (Sibi district, Baluchistan). He was a contemporary of Timur Shah Durrani.

"Three Khajjak headmen of the time- Sardar Panju Khan Hamimzai, Jangi Khan Doulatzai, Itabar Khan Umarzai - are mentioned in a royal Afghan farman which is dated 1179 A H /1782 A.D. In this farman each of them has been granted one Pao of water along with the proportionate agricultural lands in Siwi area in addition to their ancestral share in the common tribal property. Sardar Panju Khan was son of Qaim Khan son of Nihal Khan son of Azmat Khan son of Mir Khan son of Hamim Khan son of Khajak." ["Afghans of the Frontier Passes", A. Aziz Luni , Volume 2, p-200]

"In Sibi tehsil (now a district), the Pathans have adapted themselves to local conditions and have forgotten even their language and they mostly speak Sindhi. Only Khajjaks living in the village of the same name speak Pushto and Sindhi both" [Population Census of Pakistan, 1961] ..... "The Khajaks of Sibi speak Pashto which has a mixture of Sindi words, and the Panri Afghans speak Sindi in their homes" [Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series: Sibi, 1907 - Page 49].

"The Khajaks were originally located in Mekhtar, which is now held by the Hamzazai Kakars. Expelled thence, they settled in the Siwi district, where they were assigned land and water by their kinsmen. Afterwards, however, they picked a quarrel with the Barozais and other Panis, in the course of which they got the upper hand. In consequence they considered themselves without rivals in those parts, and hence their proverb: "Although the Kakars may coquette in the hill tracts, the Khajaks lord it in the plains." [Census of India, 1901, Parts 1-2, p-93]

" ln March 1841, Mr. Ross Bell, the Political Agent in Upper Sind sent Colonel Wilson of the Bombay Cavalry to collect the arrears of revenue due from the Khajjaks of Sibi, on behalf of Shah Shuja. On Khajjaks refusal, the British army attacked the town, but were repulsed with heavy loss, losing fifty- three men killed and wounded and four officers including Colonel Wilson. Reinforcements from Bhag were sent under General Brooks but before they could arrive, the Khajjaks abandoned their town, the defences of which were then demolished. The Khajjaks were permitted to return during the following year and the town was rebuilt. The power of the Khajjaks was thus weakened, and shortly afterwards the Marris acquired a footing in the Sibi district. They dispossessed the Pannis of Badra and Quat-Mandai and overran Sangan." ["Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series: Sibi, 1907, p-26 and p-63]

Early career of Haji Khan Kakar

Taj Muhammad Khan, alias Haji Khan Kakar of Toba Kakari (hereafter Haji Khan Kakar), belonged to the Ahmadkhel section of the Targhara section of the Kakar tribe [1]. Though originally a person of no consequence, he rose to prominence and gained the attention of the local 'Khans' and chiefs. Later, he played a conspicuous part in the First Anglo-Afghan War. For the first time he is mentioned in 1809, when Mir Mustafa Khan Brahui, son of Mir Naseer Khan the 'Khan of Kalat', raised a contingent of 500 Afghan mercenaries and named it ‘The Afghan Horse’. He appointed Haji Khan Kakar commander of this contingent. Since he gained the favours of the local chiefs through intrigue and deceit, he is always mentioned by writers as the ‘notorious Haji Khan Kakar ‘. The above-mentioned ‘Afghan Horse’ in 1810, led by Mir Mustafa Brahui and assisted by Haji Khan, raided the Pashtuns of the Ziarat and Harnai valleys where Haji Khan took active part against his own kith and kin. He destroyed the Harnai Fort and took the local Pashtun chiefs' prisoner; Mir Mustafa calls them the ‘robbers of Harnai’. With the murder of Mir Mustafa Khan in 1812 by his brother, Haji Khan moved first to Kandahar and later to Kabul to seek his fortune in the infighting of the Barakzi Sardars. In 1822, he was in the service of Abdullah Khan Achakzai. About 1825 he left him to serve the Kandahar Sardars. The same year, with the connivance and blessings of Purdil Khan Barakzai of Kandahar, Haji Khan Kakar, bribed by the Khajiaks, became instrumental in the murder of Habib Khan Baruzai‘, the chief of the Pannis of Sibi. On behalf of his masters in 1828, he attacked the decaying Afghan Panni Confederacy of Sibi and devastated the Afghan settlements [2]. Captain John Jacob writes: -

 “Adjoining the [Sibi] town is large and substantial fortress, which is still a place of great strength even in its present decayed condition. Both fortress and town are now wholly deserted, having been plundered and burnt by the notorious Hajee Khan Kakur in 1828, when he was governor of the province on behalf of the Candahar Chiefs.” [1]

Discerning political acumen and leadership qualities in Dost Muhammad Khan he abandoned his masters, the Kandahar Sardars, and probably in 1830, joined Dost Muhammad Khan.

References:

1- "Notes on Afghanistan", H.G.Raverty, p-637-8
2- "Afghans of the Frontier Passes", by A.Aziz.Luni, Vol-II, p-118
3- Memoirs on Sind, Volume 1, 1855, p-127

Hajee Khan Kauker, the renowned Nusireoodoulah, by J. Atkinson, Sketches in Afghaunistan, lithographed by Louis and Charles Haghe, 1842

Hajee Khan Kauker the renowned Nusireoodoulah. Source

Prison of Haji Khan Kakar in Kabul, 1839. Lithograph by W Taylor after Lieutenant T Wingate. Source

Khajjak tribe

According to Makhzan-i-Afghani of Naimatullah Haravi [composed in 1612 A.D], Khajak was one of the 18 sons of Panni, son of Dani, son of Ghurghusht. The Khajjaks and some of the Panni clans have been invariably mistaken by the British writers for the Kakars. Charles Masson turns the Khajjaks into a Baloch tribe.

The Khajaks speak Pashto which has a mixture of Sindi words while other Panni clans of Sibi district speak Sindi in their homes.

According to the revenue statement of Khajjak elders, they used to live in Mekhtar area beyond Tal-Chotiali plain in the present-day Loralai district. About 1700 A.D, six of their leaders came to Siwi along with their flocks. Once, when some Baloch people forcibly took away a herd of camels of the then ruler of Siwi (Sibi) , the Khajjaks battled with the Baloch robbers and, defeating them , restored the herd of stolen camels to the rulers of Siwi. The latter, in recognition of services rendered, gave Khajjaks lands and water in Siwi area. On the given land they built themselves dwellings, which afterwards became known as the villages of Khajjaks , situated about eight miles northeast of Sibi. Khajjaks, being late-comers, did not participate in the 17th century Pannai-Brahvi or Afghan-Baloch battles fought during the 17th century and times of the renowned hero Mirza Khan Barozai and his adversary Mir Ahmad Khan Brahvi, the then Khan of Kalat.

According to manuscript of Mullah Muhammad Shadozai (compiled in 1766 A.D), the Khajjaks were given eight 'paos' of water in Sibi area by Ahmad Shah Abdali since they had not received any share in the conquered land as they had not taken part in the battle against Arghuns. During the reign of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Khajjaks exploited the Barozai internal disunity and flouted the writ of the Barozai chiefs. They pestered the Barozai, and created hurdles in the administration of the Sibi territory. In 1762 A.D, Muhammad Khan Barozai proceeded to Kandahar and complained to Ahmad Shah Abdali of the maltreatment meted by the Khajjaks to his elder brother Ismail Khan, and latter's son Isa Khan Barozai. He also complained about the uncooperative attitude of the Khajjaks because of which the administration suffered. On return from Kandahar he demanded his share of revenue from the Khajjaks who slew him.

It is during Taimoor Shah's period that Khajjaks gained a popular saying in the local populace that "though the Kakars may conquer in the hills, the Khajjak lord it in the plains". They started harassing and destroying their own Afghan kinsmen. To such a degree of power had the Khajjsk risen, and so great was their influence, that in 1813 when Ahmad Yar Khan , Sarfraz Khan and Maizainub, fled from the protection of Mahmud Khan , ruler of Kalat, they took refuge with the Khajjak chief, Mir Khan. The Khan of Kalat followed the fugitives with an army and sat down before the Khajjak capital, but would not risk an assault, and eventually came to an amicable agreement through Mir Khan's good offices. Later in Mehrab Khan's times, Khajjaks succored refugees from Kalat, and were similarly threatened by an investing army , which at last retired without coming to blows. Mir Khan Khajjak was a hard-headed person. He began other Panni clans as they had done with the Barozai. In 1812-13 he looted and destroyed the village of the Maraghzanis (Pannis) who had to seek refuge with the Dehpal Pannis. In this raid the Khajjak Mir Khan Khajjak was slain by a matchlock ball. In 1817, the Khajjaks further consolidated their supremacy in the region by defeating the Brahuis.

Soon after the above-mentioned showdown with the Brahuis, the Khajjaks cut off the Barozai water supply from the Nari river to their own use. Habib Khan Barozai being unable to control Khajjaks, was obliged to abandon Sibi. The Kandahar's sardars sent the notorious Haji Khan Kakar with an army to demand the arrears due since the dismemberment of the Durrani monarchs. Khajjks bribed Haji Khan Kakar to destroy their enemy Habib Khan Barozai who was then living in the village of Kurk, 4 miles from Sibi. Haji Khan Kakar accordingly seized him and gave him over to the Khajjaks, who put him to death. His brother Sadullah Khan Barozai fled with his three nephews (Bakhtiar Khan, Shakur Khan and Misri Khan) to Kandahar but their complaints were for long unattended to. At length Sadullah Khan was ordered to return to Siwi and Kachhi and collect the revenue as his forefathers had done. The Khajjaks persuaded him that Haji Khan alone had been the cause of his brother's death, and for some years they gave him a small portion of the tribute, but having quarreled with him for demanding the whole amount, Khajjks slew him. In the ' Battle of Jangjah ' near the Nari gorge, Khajjaks violated a Quranic oath which they had undertaken in the Safi mosque near the shrine of Akhund sahib north of Kurak village, and attacked the Barozai who were busy in clearing the irrigation channel. In the battle twenty-one Barozais were killed. The nephews of the slain Sadullah Khan Barozai flew to Lehri , and sought the protection of the Domki Balochs where they remained for years ; but reduced to extreme poverty, were at last compelled to throw themselves on the mercy of their enemies for subsistence, and the Khajjaks saw with pride the descendants of the Barozais, once the governors of Siwi and Kachhi, and their masters, now begging at their gates. For a year or two they were permitted to reside in the Siwi town , but then sent to Kurk. Later Kohandil Khan the Kandahari sardar, in compensation for murder of their father , granted them one 'pao' of water and 40 kharwas (unit of weight) of grain from the government revenue in 1826.

The in-fight helped the Balochs to encroach upon Panni lands and later drove them out of some of the important tracts. There is no evidence to show that Khajjaks ever defended other Panni clans from the raids and forays of their Baloch neighbors. They helped the Marri Balochs in double squeeze of the Panni clans in Sibi tract. The elders of the area refer to this period of Sibi as 'Highhandedness of Marris and Khajjaks'. Shakur Khan Barozai asked all Afghans of Sibi tract to shift to Kurak to meet the threat from the Marris and Khajjaks. In response besides the Barozai , the Kuraks and Safis who were already there, the Mizris, Maraghzanis, Dehpals and Lunis all shifted to Kurak village. However it was an exercise in futility as they lacked central leadership that could lead them in action.

In 1839, Misri Khan Barozai tendered his services to Shah Shuja and was taken into British service with a number of his followers, who were styled incorrectly the "Baloch Levy." In March 1841, Mr. Ross Bell, the Political Agent in Upper Sind, deputed one of his assistants with a detachment of troops under the command of Colonel Wilson of the Bombay Cavalry to collect the arrears of revenue due from the Khajjaks of Sibi on behalf of Shah Shuja. The detachment was accompanied by Misri Khan, and on the Khajjaks refusing to comply with the demands, attacked the town, but were repulsed with heavy loss, losing fifty- three men killed and wounded and four officers including Colonel Wilson. Reinforcements from Bhag were sent up under General Brooks, but before they could arrive the Khajjaks abandoned their town, the defenses of which were then demolished. The Khajjaks were permitted to return during the following year and the town was rebuilt. In 1840, Hart states that the Khajjaks purported to number from 700 to 1000 fighting men.

The Barozais, weakened by conflict with Khajjaks, lost Badra and Kwat-Mandahi valleys to Marri Balochs. Said Khan, chief of Badra, in 1842, fell fighting against the Marri invaders while defending the Badra and Kwat Mandahi valleys.

The Khajjaks considered Misri Khan Barozai responsible for their defeat at the hands of British. In 1855 Fateh Khan led the Khajjaks in a raid on the Barozai village of Kurak to avenge Misri Khan's role in bringing the British force in 1841 and causing destruction of their village. The Khajjak lashkar took up position three miles west of village Kurak. Over-confident, Fateh Khan Khajjak detached a band of his men to hide in a dry nullah running east of Kurak village with a view to ambush the fleeing Barozai, while his main force, supported by cavalry, attacked the Barozai from the west. After a fierce battle, the Khajjaks who could not get any help from from a large part of their force that was lying in wait for an ambush far away from the battlefield, were defeated. The leaders of both sides were killed in the battle.

Sardar Muhammad Khan, the Khajjak chief, refused to pay land revenue to the agents of Amir Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan. They (Durranis) drove off the cattle belonging to the clan of Khajjak. The latter gave them a chase, caught up with them near the Bolan village of Kirta and forcibly retrieved their cattle.  In 1872, the Khajjaks openly refused to accept the writ of Amir Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan who didn't give them any protection against the Marris. They stopped payment of the land revenue. The Amir sent a force that took the Sardar, along with Sardar Azad Khan Khajjak, as a hostage to Kandahar for payment of revenue due from the Khajjaks.

Sources:

1. A.Aziz Luni, "Afghans of the frontier passes", 2 Volumes
2. Haroon Rashid, "History of the Pathans" , Vol-III
3. Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series: Sibi district, compiled by Major.A. McConaghey
4.  MacGREGOR, "North-West Frontier Province", Vol-II

Barozai Afghans of Sibi

The members of Barozai clan (a sub-tribe of Pannis) of Sibi claim descent from Baru Khan who they say was a 15th century figure. Towards the close of 16th century, Sibi came under the rule of Mughals. The latter introduced Nawabi into the Panni tribe. In the second half of 17th century we see the entire Panni tribe of Sibi under the leadership of a single chieftain belonging to Barozai sub-tribe. In 1695 Sibi and its dependencies were held by one Mirza Khan Barozai who had received the title of Nawab from the Mughal emperor and also administered the affairs of upper Sind.

During the time of Mirza Khan Barozai (1666-1699 AD), eighteen battles were fought between the Panni tribe and the Brahuis of Kalat (led by Mir Ahmad Qambrani) in the neighborhood of Sibi or Dhadar. In sixteen battles, Mir Ahmad Brahui was defeated in each encounter with the Panni lashkars. A seventeenth engagement took place at a spot called Pir Lehkan in which neither party obtained a decisive result. But Mir Ahmad himself, and his Minister, Akhund Mohammad Saleh, were both wounded and their two other leading chieftains Mir Shawaz and Mir Ibrahim, lost their lives. Mir Ahmad Qambrani's sister named Bibo gallantly fought n male garments and got killed at the hand of a Panni by name of Jalal Khan Kurak. The defeated Brahuis left the battlefield; the Panni Pashtuns collected the booty, consisting of silken belts and horses of Turki and Tazi breed. 

Soon the Brahuis avenged themselves on the Pannis and defeated Rahim Khan Pirang who led the Pannis in the absence of Mirza Khan Barozai. Mullah Fazil writes: Mir Ahmad got off his horse to inspect the bodies of some of the Afghan nobles famous for their bravery in the battlefield. He smeared his moustaches with the fat of Syed Abdul Nabi and drank the blood of Shanbay Pirani.

In 1695 AD, peace prevailed between the two tribes, which was sealed by a happy marriage of Princess Mahnaz the daughter of Mir Ahmad Qambrani with Said Khan Barozai Panni, the brother of Mirza Khan Barozai.

Meanwhile, in 1708 AD the Panni estate of Sibi had been almost taken over by the Kalhoras. in February 1708 A.D., that is one month after the Ghilzai rebellion and takeover of Kandhar, Panni Afghans of Siwi and Dhadar also rebelled against the Kalhora rule and, defeating the occupation forces, recaptured the twin forts of Siwi and Dhadar.

Mirza Khan was succeeded by his son Bakhtiar Khan Barozai who rose in revolt against the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb Alamgir in January, 1702 A.D. He successfully fought  for the freedom of Siwi or Sibi, but later fell a prey to a strong Mughal force led by the Subedar of Multan, Muizuddin. His successor Ismail Khan  is locally credited with having built the town of Dera Ismail Khan ; he was succeeded by Isa Khan, who was followed by Ismail Khan II who accompanied Nadir Shah to Delhi and later on built the fort at Sangan.

The Baruzais of Sibi appear to have become separated from the Sangan branch at this period, and during the reign of Ahmad Shah, Durrani, Muhammad Khan, who had gone to Kabul to complain of Ismail Khan, was granted a warrant dated 1759 in which Ahmad Shah entrusted the Government of the Sibi District and the Barkhan, Khethran and Hasni dependencies jointly to both claimants.

Muhammad Khan was killed by the Khajjaks, a branch of the Panni tribe who had greatly increased in strength and importance, and his successor Habib Khan, who was also ultimately slain by the Khajaks, was obliged to abandon Sibi and retire to Kurk. The Khajjaks had now become the most powerful section, and their importance is shown by the common Sibi proverb which says that, "though the Kakars may conquer in the hills, the Khajaks lord it in the plains."

At the out- break of the Afghan war in 1839, the nominal chief of the tribe was Shakar Khan, but the real power was in the hands of Misri Khan, who tendered his services to Shah Shuja and was taken into British pay. In 184 1, as already described in the section on History, the town of Khajak was occupied by British troops and dismantled. The power of the Khajaks was thus weakened, and shortly afterwards the Marris acquired a footing in the Sibi District. They dis- possessed the Pannis of Badra and Quat-Mandai and over- ran Sangan. Shakar Khan was succeeded by his son Doda Khan, but he was a weak chief and after Misri Khdn's death the management of the tribe passed successively into the hands of Bakhtiar Khan and Sher Zaman Khan, the latter of whom was killed while endeavouring to stop a fight between the Brahuis and the Marghazani section of the Pannis. After Doda Khan's death the chieftainship of the tribe devolved on his eldest son Muhammad Khan after being unsuccessfully claimed by Sarbuland Khdn, the son of Misri Khan.

According to Tarikhi Sindh (volume vi part one page 392) of Ghulam Rasool Mehr, the Dhahdar area was in possession of Barozais, with Malik Kala khan Barozai listed as owner of land thereof , up to the times of Mian Nur Muhammad Kalhora (1719-1753 A.D). Graves of Panni notables such as Junaid Khan Barozai , Mirza Khan Barozai, and well known Mullah Misri Afghan are present in Dhadar. The town of Dhadar formed the first capital of the Panni tribe of Afghans on their arrivals in the plains. It was also the place where Dara Shikoh, the Mughal prince, visited Juanid khan, the first Barozai chief and in the vicinity of which many of the famous Baruhi Afghan battles were fought towards the end of seventeenth century A.D.

Daud Khan Panni 


Daud Khan Panni held the highest rank of 7000 zat of the Mughal nobility at the time of his death in 1715. He served as Nawab of the Carnatic and later Viceroy of Deccan. According to Raverty, he belonged to Barozai branch of Pannis  In 1703, Daud Khan was appointed as the Nawab of the Carnatic. Before he was made Nawab, the Emperor Aurangazeb appointed him as a leading commander of the Mughal Army in 1701. According to The History of India by J. Murray ( 1841, , Volume 2, p-573) , Daud Khan Panni was renowned throughout India for his reckless courage and whose memory still survives in the tales and proverbs of Deccan.  





Sources


1.Sibi district; text. Compiled by A. McConaghey"
2 The Tribal Baluchistan  by Syed Abdul Quddus
3 Afghans of the frontier passes: a study in the historical geography of Sibi and Dhader in the Balochistan province of Pakistan, Volume 1

The Ain I Akbari - Volume 3
Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan by Henry George Raverty